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    <li><a href="#byte">Byte</a></li>
    <li><a href="#floating-point">Floating-point</a></li>
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    <article class="post">
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            <h1 class="post-title">使用维基百科(Wikipedia)解释名词III</h1>
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        <date class="post-meta meta-date">
            2020年9月20日
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            <span id="busuanzi_container_page_pv">|<span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span><span>
                    阅读</span></span>
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            <h1 id="使用的工具">使用的工具</h1>
<ol>
<li>Google Chrome 用作网页浏览工具</li>
<li>Ghelper 用作访问 en.wikipedia.org 的工具</li>
</ol>
<h1 id="各名词解释">各名词解释</h1>
<h2 id="byte">Byte</h2>
<p>Byte The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer[1][2] and for this reason it is the smallest a ddressable unit of memory in many computer architectures. To disambiguate arbitrarily sized bytes from the common 8-bit definition, network protocol documents such as The Internet Protocol (RFC 791)(1981) refer to an 8-bit byte as an octet.[ 3] The size of the byte has historically been hardware dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. Sizes from 1 to 48 bits have been used.[ 4][5][6][7] The six-bit character code was an often used implementation in early encoding systems and computers using six-bit and nine-bit bytes were common in the 1960s. These systems often had memory words of 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, or 60 bits, corresponding to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10 six-bit bytes. In this era, bit groupings in the instruction stream were often referred to as syllables[a] or slab, before the term byte became common. The modern de facto standard of eight bits, as documented in ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, is a convenient power of two permitting the binary-encoded values 0 through 255 for one byte—2 to the power 8 is 256.[8] The international standard IEC 80000-13 codified this common meaning. Many types of applications use information representable in eight or fewer bits and processor designers optimize for this common usage. The popularity of major commercial computing architectures has aided in the ubiquitous acceptance of the eight-bit size.[9] Modern architectures typically use 32- or 64-bit words, built of four or eight bytes.</p>
<p>The unit symbol for the byte was designated as the upper-case letter B by the I nternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)[10] in contrast to the bit, whose IEEE symbol is a lower-case b. Internationally, the unit octet, symbol o, explicitly defines a sequence of eight bits, eliminating the ambiguity of the byte.[11][12]</p>
<h2 id="floating-point">Floating-point</h2>
<p>Floating-point arithmetic In computing, floating-point arithmetic (FP) is arithmetic using formulaic representation of real numbers as an approximation to support a trade-off between range and precision. For this reason, floating-point computation is often found in systems which include very small and very large real numbers, which require fast processing times. A number is, in general, represented approximately to a fixed number of significant digits (the significand) and scaled using an exponent in some fixed base; the base for the scaling is normally two, ten, or sixteen. A number that can be represented exactly is of the following form:where significand is an integer, base is an integer greater than or equal to two, and exponent is also an integer. For example:The term floating point refers to the fact that a number’s radix point (decimal point, or, more commonly in computers, binary point) can “float”; that is, it can be placed anywhere relative to the significant digits of the number. This position is indicated as the exponent component, and thus the floating-point representation can be thought of as a kind of scientific notation. A floating-point system can be used to represent, with a fixed number of digits, numbers of different orders of magnitude: e.g. the distance between galaxies or the diameter of an atomic nucleus can be expressed with the same unit of length. The result of this dynamic range is that the numbers that can be represented are not uniformly spaced; the difference between two consecutive representable numbers varies with the chosen scale.</p>
<h2 id="integer">Integer</h2>
<p>Integer (computer science) In computer science, an integer is a datum of integral data type, a d ata type that represents some range of mathematical integers. Integral data types may be of different sizes and may or may not be allowed to contain negative values. Integers are commonly represented in a computer as a group of binary digits (bits). The size of the grouping varies so the set of integer sizes available varies between different types of computers. Computer hardware, including virtual machines, nearly always provide a way to represent a processor register or memory address as an integer.</p>
<h2 id="method-of-complements">Method of complements</h2>
<p>Method of complements In mathematics and computing, the method of complements is a technique to encode a symmetric range of positive and negative integers in a way that they can use the same algorithm (hardware) for addition throughout the whole range. For a given number of places half of the possible representations of numbers encode the positive numbers, the other half represents their respective additive inverses. The pairs of mutually additive inverse numbers are called complements. Thus subtraction of any number is implemented by adding its complement. Changing the sign of any number is encoded by generating its complement, which can be done by a very simple and efficient algorithm. This method was commonly used in mechanical calculators and is still used in modern computers. The generalized concept of the radix complement (as described below) is also valuable in number theory, such as in Midy’s theorem. The nines&rsquo; complement of a number given in decimal representation is formed by replacing each digit with nine minus that digit. To subtract a decimal number y (the subtrahend) from another number x (the minuend) two methods may be used: In the first method the nines&rsquo; complement of x is added to y. Then the nines&rsquo; complement of the result obtained is formed to produce the desired result. In the second method the nines&rsquo; complement of y is added to x and one is added to the sum. The leading digit ‘1’ of the result is then discarded. Discarding the initial ‘1’ is especially convenient on calculators or computers that use a fixed number of digits: there is nowhere for it to go so it is simply lost during the calculation. The nines&rsquo; complement plus one is known as the ten’s complement. The method of complements can be extended to other number bases (radices); in particular, it is used on most digital computers to perform subtraction, represent negative numbers in base 2 or binary arithmetic and test underflow and overflow in calculation.</p>

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        <li style="word-break:break-all"><strong>原文链接：</strong><a href="https://shaozhd.gitee.io/post/wiki3/">https://shaozhd.gitee.io/post/wiki3/</a></li>
        <li><strong>版权声明：</strong>本作品采用<a rel="license" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%e5%85%b1%e4%ba%a7%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89">我自己看一遍的方法</a>进行许可，非商业转载请注明出处（作者，原文链接），商业转载请联系作者获得授权。</li>
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        <li><a href="/post/wiki4/">使用维基百科(Wikipedia)解释名词IV及其解答题</a></li>
        
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        <li><a href="/post/wiki1/">使用维基百科(Wikipedia)解释名词I</a></li>
        
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